Bioproduction of α,ω-oxyfunctionalised alkanes.

The oxidation of n-alkanes into higher-value products, such as diols and diacids, is facilitated by various wild-type and engineered microorganisms. Depending on the substrate chain length, several distinct enzymatic systems are involved in achieving highly selective diterminal oxidation. In this review, we comprehensively summarise the enzymatic pathways responsible for the conversion of alkanes to α,ω-diols and α,ω-diacids and present strategies in the field of enzyme engineering, metabolic engineering and process optimisation aiming to increase the efficiency of these bioconversions. Furthermore, we examine integrated strategies for the conversion of diacids into diols and highlight recent advancements in this dynamic field. Finally, we discuss future research directions and key bottlenecks that must be addressed to achieve efficient n-alkane valorisation, whether derived from petroleum or sustainable alternatives such as chemically recycled plastics and plant-based renewable resources.