New options for pneumothorax management.

Introduction: Pneumothorax is defined as the presence of air in the pleural space. Spontaneous pneumothorax, occurring without antecedent traumatic or iatrogenic cause, is classified as primary or secondary. There are substantial inconsistencies in international guidelines for the treatment of pneumothorax. Moreover, many geographical variations exist in daily clinical practice.Areas covered: In this article, we focus on novel treatment modalities for this significant health problem in young adults.Expert opinion: In part, these discrepancies have been caused by the lack of high-quality trials or evidence. Currently, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying pneumothorax are better understood and have implications for clinical management. Studies have demonstrated that the judicious use of pleurodesis can decrease its rate of recurrence, both in surgical and nonsurgical patients.