Lithium induced oxidative damage and inflammation in the rat's heart: Protective effect of grape seed and skin extract.

Lithium (Li) is a relevant mood stabilizer metal for the treatment of bipolar disorder (BD), as it protects from both depression and mania and reduces the risk of suicide. However, Lihas some clinical concerns as a narrow therapeutic index requiring routine monitoring of the serum level. The present study was designed to analyze the cardio-toxic side effect of Li and the ability of grape seed and skin extract (GSSE) to protect the heart against such toxicity. After 30days of exposure to Li (0, 2, 5 and 100mg/kg bw) and prevention with GSSE (4000mg/kg bw), rats were killed by decapitation and their heart processed for Li-induced oxidative stress. Data mainly showed that Li increased lipoperoxidation and protein carbonylation, it decreased superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities, altered acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and increased the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6). Interestingly, GSSE efficiently alleviated all the deleterious effects of Li especially in low therapeutic doses. Based on our results, GSSE could be proposed as a nutritional supplement to mitigate the cardiotoxic side effects of lithium.