Challenges and advances in the diagnosis, biology, and treatment of urothelial upper tract and bladder carcinomas.

Urothelial carcinomas span the bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis, and while there had been stagnation in the field of drug approval for the past two decades, there is now accelerated and regular US FDA approval of 5 immunotherapy agents. However, patients who inherently do not respond or progress on such therapies still represent an area of increased unmet need. In this special Seminars issue, we explore varying aspects of bladder urothelial carcinoma treatment with targeted therapies, the unique presentation and challenges in the treatment of upper tract and renal pelvis tumors, as well as new and emerging diagnostic imaging tools for varying genitourinary cancers.