Advances in the combined treatment of solid tumors with nanodelivery systems based on engineered bacteria-TME modulation.

In recent years, engineered bacteria have demonstrated unique potential in the treatment of various diseases due to their characteristics of in situ colonization, programmable modification, and targeting. Especially in cancer treatment, engineered bacteria can reshape the tumor microenvironment, penetrate physical and metabolic barriers, and activate immune responses, providing new insights into addressing the limitations of traditional therapies, such as limited efficacy, significant side effects, and drug resistance. With the rapid development of synthetic biology and nanotechnology, the combined application of engineered bacteria and nanocarrier systems has emerged, demonstrating significant advantages in precise delivery, controlled release, and multimodal therapy, thereby significantly enhancing the efficacy and specificity of cancer treatment. Therefore, this review summarizes recent research progress on combined therapy for solid tumors based on engineered bacteria-TME regulation and nanodelivery systems. It first introduces the biological basis of combined therapy, focusing on synergistic feedback mechanisms, and then highlights representative studies on the therapeutic performance of combined therapy in tumor treatment. Finally, it discusses the future prospects of combined therapy using engineered bacteria and nanodelivery systems.