Peritoneal dialysis in patients with heart failure.

Both in dialysis patients and non-uremic patients heart failure is associated with an adverse prognosis. In a state of abrupt worsening of cardiac function, acute cardiogenic shock or decompensated congestive heart failure, acute kidney injury may occur, whereas in a more chronic worsening of cardiac function chronic kidney injury may occur. Recently, the term cardiorenal syndrome was adopted and defined as "a pathophysiological disorder of the heart and kidneys whereby acute or chronic dysfunction in one organ may induce acute or chronic dysfunction in the other organ". Despite better treatment techniques and the continuous development of new medications volume overload in patients with cardiorenal syndrome is difficult to treat. Especially treatment of cardiorenal syndrome type I and II is notoriously difficult. Peritoneal dialysis might be, because of the gradual fluid removal, a therapeutic option in these patients. However, data on the effect of peritoneal dialysis in patients with heart failure with fluid overload and/or renal impairment are scarce. In this review, the role of peritoneal dialysis in the treatment cardiorenal syndrome type I, II and IV will be discussed.