AGE-RAGE Axis Involvement in Allergies and Autoimmunity: Cellular Signaling, Barrier Dysfunction and Immune Polarization.

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are a variety of endogenous and exogenous substances that play an important role in inflammation, allergies, and autoimmune diseases. AGEs' pathogenicity, alongside advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) and other ligands, lies in their ability to bind the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and trigger pro-inflammatory signaling pathways and cytokine release. The literature reports numerous studies on the role of the AGE-RAGE axis in various allergic conditions, including bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, food allergies, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or Hashimoto's thyroiditis, where the significant role of the AGE-RAGE axis in the immunopathogenesis of both allergic and autoimmune conditions is largely discussed and demonstrated. They suggest promising opportunities for the development of new diagnostic markers and targeted therapeutic strategies. However, further large-scale studies are needed to fully understand this multifaceted pathway and translate these insights into effective clinical interventions.