Acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. What's the latest in emergency treatment?

With the methods available today, most patients who arrive at the emergency department with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema can be treated quickly and effectively. Modern pharmacologic therapy is based on directly counteracting the physiologic abnormalities that cause pulmonary edema. Agents that are useful in reducing LV preload and afterload and in managing hypotension are nitroglycerin, ACE inhibitors, vasodilators, vasopressors, and bipyrines. Noninvasive pressure support ventilation helps patients with pulmonary edema by decreasing the work of breathing, enhancing oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, and increasing cardiac output. Use of BiPAP systems in emergency departments has averted endotracheal intubation in about 90% of patients with pulmonary edema who are experiencing acute respiratory failure.