Freeze-Drying of Proteins.

Freeze-drying is a well-established method for preserving unstable proteins. This guide details how to freeze dry proteins, comprising equipment selection, primary packaging, and sample preparation, including proper filling, vial placement and closure. The chapter outlines reliable freezing, primary drying and secondary drying protocols, advising on temperature and pressure parameters. Finally, a range of physicochemical characterization methods, such as visual inspection, freeze-drying microscopy, DSC, Karl-Fischer titration, NIR, XRD, and BET are presented to ensure product quality and stability.