Journal of applied microbiology · 2025
Sublethal exposure to benzalkonium chloride induced biocide-antibiotic cross-resistance in hypervirulent L. monocytogenes.
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Macleod Joshua, Hamid Zak, Johns Benjamin E, Beeton Michael L, Blaxland James
Аннотация
AIMS: Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen found ubiquitously in the food manufacturing environment (FME), where exposure to biocides at sublethal concentrations may induce adaptation and cross-resistance. This study aimed to investigate whether exposure to sublethal benzalkonium chloride (BAC) concentrations induced cross-resistance to antibiotics in an adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) model.
METHODS AND RESULTS: Six L. monocytogenes and two Listeria innocua strains underwent a 30-day sublethal BAC ALE. Susceptibility was performed against biocides and antibiotics. Variant calling was performed relative to wild-type strains. Three intragenic mutations and two intergenic mutations upstream of fepR, encoding a local repressor of the fluoroquinolone efflux pump FepA are identified in BAC-adapted isolates, associated with phenotypic reduced susceptibility to BAC, fluoroquinolones, and co-trimoxazole.
CONCLUSIONS: Sublethal BAC exposure can select for fepR-associated variants linked to reduced susceptibility to both biocides and antibiotics, highlighting concerns for biocide-antibiotic cross-resistance.
METHODS AND RESULTS: Six L. monocytogenes and two Listeria innocua strains underwent a 30-day sublethal BAC ALE. Susceptibility was performed against biocides and antibiotics. Variant calling was performed relative to wild-type strains. Three intragenic mutations and two intergenic mutations upstream of fepR, encoding a local repressor of the fluoroquinolone efflux pump FepA are identified in BAC-adapted isolates, associated with phenotypic reduced susceptibility to BAC, fluoroquinolones, and co-trimoxazole.
CONCLUSIONS: Sublethal BAC exposure can select for fepR-associated variants linked to reduced susceptibility to both biocides and antibiotics, highlighting concerns for biocide-antibiotic cross-resistance.