Harm reduction journal · 2025
Microbiological contamination in androgens from the black market.
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Verdegaal T J, Bond P, Jansen M J H M, Peijs M, Huyers M, Stohr J J J M, de Ronde W, Smit D L
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Androgens from the black market are often produced in clandestine laboratories without adherence to hygienic manufacturing processes. Consequently, users may face an increased risk of developing injection-related infections caused by microbiological contamination. This study aimed to determine the presence of microbiological contamination in androgens from the black market.
METHODS: Characteristics of submitted androgen product were registered. Androgen products were submitted to aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture using direct inoculation of agar plates and enrichment using BD BACTEC™ Peds Plus Medium blood culture bottles. Participants who submitted products were monitored for injection-related infections.
RESULTS: Bacterial contamination was detected in two of 22 used multidose vials (9%) and one of 41 unused ampules and multidose vials (2%). Identified species included Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Micrococcus luteus. None of the participants developed injection-related infections linked to contaminated products.
CONCLUSION: Both used and unused androgens from the black market can contain bacteria. This can put users at risk for serious injection-related health problems such as abscesses. This study underlines the importance of warning androgen users about these underrecognized injection-related risks.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: Study number: NL77191.028.21. Registration date: 2 June 2021.
METHODS: Characteristics of submitted androgen product were registered. Androgen products were submitted to aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture using direct inoculation of agar plates and enrichment using BD BACTEC™ Peds Plus Medium blood culture bottles. Participants who submitted products were monitored for injection-related infections.
RESULTS: Bacterial contamination was detected in two of 22 used multidose vials (9%) and one of 41 unused ampules and multidose vials (2%). Identified species included Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Micrococcus luteus. None of the participants developed injection-related infections linked to contaminated products.
CONCLUSION: Both used and unused androgens from the black market can contain bacteria. This can put users at risk for serious injection-related health problems such as abscesses. This study underlines the importance of warning androgen users about these underrecognized injection-related risks.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: Study number: NL77191.028.21. Registration date: 2 June 2021.