Cardiovascular complications of COVID-19.

Cardiac injury associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with high fatality rates. We reviewed the literature on COVID-19-related cardiovascular complications to elucidate the putative causes, diagnosis, and management of cardiovascular complications of COVID-19. Putative causes of these cardiovascular complications include cytokine storm, myocarditis, coronary plaque rupture, hypercoagulability, stress cardiomyopathy or combinations thereof. Cardiac troponin, D-dimer, and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide levels all provide prognostic information on COVID-19-related cardiovascular complications: elevated levels correlate with poorer prognosis. Coronary thrombosis due to COVID-19 may be associated with a higher thrombus burden than that from other causes. Hypercoagulability can be extremely challenging to treat, and in the absence of contra-indications, thromboprophylaxis is generally indicated in intensive care unit patients. With the exception of percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction, there are no specific treatments for COVID-19-related cardiovascular complications and management is primarily supportive. Whether antiviral therapies, coupled with monoclonal antibodies administered early in the course of COVID-19 illness will prevent severe cardiovascular complications remains to be seen.