Age and ageing · 2026
The association between midlife neighbourhood walkability and Alzheimer's disease in women: a prospective nested case-control study.
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Walker Emma, Wu Fen, Rundle Andrew G, Hua Simin, Quinn James W, Neckerman Kathryn M, Afanasyeva Yelena, Arslan Alan A, Koenig Karen L, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte Anne, Chen Yu
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: The role of modifiable environmental factors in Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk remains poorly understood. Built environment features such as neighbourhood walkability (NW) may influence long-term cognitive health among women.
METHODS: The New York University Women's Health Study recruited 14 273 cognitively healthy women aged 35-65 years between 1985 and 1991, with follow-up for over 30 years. We geocoded residential addresses for each participant to derive a validated four-item baseline NW measure and a two-item average annual NW index over the follow-up period. We conducted a nested case-control study of 1865 AD cases identified via linkage to Medicare claims during follow-up matched to 3730 controls on age, race/ethnicity and Medicare coverage using risk-set sampling. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for AD in relation to tertiles of NW measures, adjusting for potential confounders. Subgroup analyses examined potential effect modification.
RESULTS: Compared with women living in areas with the lowest baseline NW, those in the middle and highest tertiles had lower odds of having a diagnosis of AD during follow-up, with an OR of 0.95 (0.82-1.11) and 0.83 (0.71-0.98), respectively (P-trend = .03). Results were similar when using average annual NW. The association did not differ appreciably by age, smoking status, education or body mass index.
CONCLUSIONS: Higher midlife NW was associated with reduced odds of AD later in life. These findings highlight the potential for built environment interventions to promote cognitive health and support healthy ageing in women.
METHODS: The New York University Women's Health Study recruited 14 273 cognitively healthy women aged 35-65 years between 1985 and 1991, with follow-up for over 30 years. We geocoded residential addresses for each participant to derive a validated four-item baseline NW measure and a two-item average annual NW index over the follow-up period. We conducted a nested case-control study of 1865 AD cases identified via linkage to Medicare claims during follow-up matched to 3730 controls on age, race/ethnicity and Medicare coverage using risk-set sampling. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for AD in relation to tertiles of NW measures, adjusting for potential confounders. Subgroup analyses examined potential effect modification.
RESULTS: Compared with women living in areas with the lowest baseline NW, those in the middle and highest tertiles had lower odds of having a diagnosis of AD during follow-up, with an OR of 0.95 (0.82-1.11) and 0.83 (0.71-0.98), respectively (P-trend = .03). Results were similar when using average annual NW. The association did not differ appreciably by age, smoking status, education or body mass index.
CONCLUSIONS: Higher midlife NW was associated with reduced odds of AD later in life. These findings highlight the potential for built environment interventions to promote cognitive health and support healthy ageing in women.