Quinones as promising agents for managing metabolic syndrome: Therapeutic and toxicological considerations.

Metabolic syndrome, characterized by insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity, poses significant global health concerns. Quinones, a class of natural and synthetic compounds containing a fully conjugated cyclic unsaturated dione structure, demonstrate cytoprotective activity through redox modulation and antioxidant effects, while their cytotoxicity arises from pro-oxidant behavior and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This review explores the therapeutic potential of quinones for metabolic syndrome by examining their chemical structure, pharmacological actions, and interactions with key metabolic pathways. Particular attention is given to their influence on insulin signaling, mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid metabolism, and associated metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Evidence from preclinical and early clinical studies indicates that quinones can enhance insulin signaling, improve mitochondrial function, reduce oxidative stress, and modulate lipid metabolism and blood pressure. However, the generation of ROS and associated cytotoxicity present challenges for their clinical application. Key limitations in bioavailability, optimal dosage, pharmacokinetics, and long-term safety also hinder successful translation into clinical practice. Further research is needed to define therapeutic windows, develop improved delivery strategies, and clarify toxicological risks. A better understanding of these factors will be essential for advancing quinones as promising therapeutic candidates for metabolic disorders while ensuring safety and efficacy in future clinical applications.