Normative brain-state trajectories reveal deviation from healthy aging in AD.

INTRODUCTION

Distinguishing healthy brain aging from early neurodegenerative disruption remains a major challenge in Alzheimer's disease.

METHODS

Using resting-state fMRI from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (357 participants; cognitively normal, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease), we trained a Hidden Markov Model exclusively on cognitively normal adults to define latent connectivity states. A generalized additive model estimated an age-adjusted reference trajectory of transition entropy, and subject-specific deviations from this trajectory were quantified.

RESULTS

Mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease showed progressively greater deviation from the normative reference, with the strongest disruption in Alzheimer's disease. A single absolute-deviation score retained much of the predictive information contained in higher-dimensional dynamic features.

DISCUSSION: These findings suggest Alzheimer's disease is associated with measurable departure from healthy dynamic brain aging, providing an interpretable framework for future longitudinal and clinically validated studies.