Inherited eye-related disorders due to mitochondrial dysfunction.

Genetic disorders due to mitochondrial dysfunction are not uncommon and the majority of these patients will have eye-related manifestations, including visual loss from the optic nerve and retinal disease, visual field loss from retrochiasmal visual pathway damage, and ptosis and ocular dysmotility from extraocular muscle involvement. Defects in both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes cause mitochondrial dysfunction via several mechanisms, including impaired mitochondrial energy production, oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA instability, abnormalities in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial quality control, and disturbed cellular interorganellar communication. Advances in our understanding of the molecular genetic basis of mitochondrial disease have not only improved genetic diagnosis, but they have provided important insights into the pathophysiologic basis of these disorders and potential therapeutic targets. In parallel, more sophisticated techniques for genetic manipulation are facilitating the development of animal and in vitro models that should prove powerful and versatile tools for disease modelling and therapeutic experimentation. Effective therapies for mitochondrial disorders are beginning to translate from bench to bedside along the paths of neuroprotection, gene replacement and stem cell-based regenerative paradigms. Additionally, preventing the transmission of pathogenic mtDNA mutations from mother to child is now a reality with in vitro fertilization mitochondrial replacement techniques.