Transplantation of reprogrammed neurons for improved recovery after stroke.

Somatic cells such as fibroblasts, reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells, can be used to generate neural stem/progenitor cells or neuroblasts for transplantation. In this review, we summarize recent studies demonstrating that when grafted intracerebrally in animal models of stroke, reprogrammed neurons improve function, probably by several different mechanisms, e.g., trophic actions, modulation of inflammation, promotion of angiogenesis, cellular and synaptic plasticity, and neuroprotection. In our own work, we have shown that human skin-derived reprogrammed neurons, fated to cortical progeny, integrate in stroke-injured neuronal network and form functional afferent synapses with host neurons, responding to peripheral sensory stimulation. However, whether neuronal replacement plays a role for the improvement of sensory, motor, and cognitive deficits after transplantation of reprogrammed neurons is still unclear. We conclude that further preclinical studies are needed to understand the therapeutic potential of grafted reprogrammed neurons and to define a road map for their clinical translation in stroke.