Respiratory responses to short term hypoxia in the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina.

Among vertebrates, turtles are able to tolerate exceptionally low oxygen tensions. We have investigated the compensatory mechanisms that regulate respiration and blood oxygen transport in snapping turtles during short exposure to hypoxia. Snapping turtles started to hyperventilate when oxygen levels dropped below 10% O(2). Total ventilation increased 1.75-fold, essentially related to an increase in respiration frequency. During normoxia, respiration occurred in bouts of four to five breaths, whereas at 5% O(2), the ventilation pattern was more regular with breathing bouts consisting of a single breath. The increase in the heart rate between breaths during hypoxia suggests that a high pulmonary blood flow may be maintained during non-ventilatory periods to improve arterial blood oxygenation. After 4 days of hypoxia at 5% O(2), hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and multiplicity and intraerythrocytic organic phosphate concentration remained unaltered. Accordingly, oxygen binding curves at constant P(CO(2)) showed no changes in oxygen affinity and cooperativity. However, blood pH increased significantly from 7.50+/-0.05 under normoxia to 7.72+/-0.03 under hypoxia. The respiratory alkalosis will produce a pronounced in vivo left-shift of the blood oxygen dissociation curve due to the large Bohr effect and this is shown to be critical for arterial oxygen saturation.