Lysosomal defects in ATP13A2 and GBA associated familial Parkinson's disease.

Genes encoding lysosomal proteins, such as ATP13A2 and GBA, are associated with familial Parkinson's disease (PD). Heterozygous mutations in GBA are strongly associated with familial PD. ATP13A2, which encodes a lysosomal P-type ATPase, has been identified as the causative gene for Kufor-Rakeb syndrome. While lysosomal dysfunction due to these mutations exhibited early onset Parkinsonism, each animal model demonstrated different pathological mechanisms. Clinicogenetic and animal model studies recently identified several lysosomal alterations that play a role in the pathogenesis of PD.