Advances and challenges in CAR-T cell therapy for breast cancer: from molecular design to clinical application.

Globally, breast cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity in women. Conventional therapies, including surgical intervention, radiation, and chemical treatments, though effective, frequently result in significant adverse effects and toxicity. CAR-T cell therapy represents a novel immunotherapeutic strategy, wherein T cells are genetically modified to precisely target and eradicate malignant cells. The article provides a detailed introduction to the structure and function of CAR-T cells, particularly the improvements in anti-tumor efficacy across different generations of CAR-T cells. Furthermore, the article explores the primary targets of CAR-T cell therapy in the clinical treatment of breast cancer, such as HER2, EGFR, and MUC1, and analyzes the potential and limitations of these targets in therapy. In conclusion, the review outlines significant hurdles in CAR-T cell therapy for breast cancer, such as tumor diversity, the inhibitory tumor milieu, unintended targeting, and cytokine storm, offering strategic solutions to mitigate these obstacles.