Open veterinary journal · 2026
Prevalence of subclinical mastitis and associated biosecurity practices in peri-urban dairy farms.
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Wahyuwardani Sutiastuti, Prihandani Sri Suryatmiati, Widiastuti Raphaella, Widiyanti Prima Mei, Anastasia Yessi, Martindah Eny, Maryam Romsyah, Noor Susan Maphilindawati, Damayanti Rini, Sani Yulvian, Khairullah Aswin Rafif, Rohaeni Eni Siti, Priyono Priyono
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is a major constraint in peri-urban smallholder dairy production. Inconsistent biosecurity and milking hygiene may increase infection risk and productivity losses.
AIM: This study aimed to assess the association between biosecurity practices (external, internal, and procedural) and SCM prevalence and severity in peri-urban dairy farms in Greater Jakarta (Jakarta, Bogor Regency, Bogor City, and Depok), Indonesia.
METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 34 eligible smallholder dairy farms from April to June 2025 using structured interviews, direct observations of biosecurity practices, and California Mastitis Test (CMT). Farm-level SCM severity was defined as moderate (1) if ≥1 tested cow had CMT 2-3 in any quarter, and mild (0) otherwise. Associations were assessed using chi-square tests and binary logistic regression, and model performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic analysis (SPSS v26).
RESULTS: The prevalence of cow-level SCM was 72.9% (105/144; 95% CI: 65.7%-80.2%), ranging from 57.1% in Depok to 90.2% in Bogor City. For farm-level analyses (n = 34), 16 of 34 farms (47.1%) were classified as moderate and 18 of 34 (52.9%) as mild. Procedural biosecurity was significantly associated with SCM severity (mild vs. moderate; χ² = 6.959, p = 0.008), whereas external and internal biosecurity were not (p > 0.05). In the parsimonious logistic regression model, a higher farmer education category was associated with higher odds of moderate SCM [odds ratio (OR) = 1.369, p = 0.027], whereas procedural biosecurity was protective (OR = 0.449, p = 0.011). The final model demonstrated good discrimination (area under the curve = 0.845).
CONCLUSION: Procedural biosecurity (milking and hygiene-related practices) was the only biosecurity dimension significantly associated with SCM severity and was protective against moderate SCM in peri-urban smallholder dairy farms in Indonesia. Strengthening cost-effective milking hygiene and targeted farmer training may help reduce the SCM burden in comparable settings.
AIM: This study aimed to assess the association between biosecurity practices (external, internal, and procedural) and SCM prevalence and severity in peri-urban dairy farms in Greater Jakarta (Jakarta, Bogor Regency, Bogor City, and Depok), Indonesia.
METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 34 eligible smallholder dairy farms from April to June 2025 using structured interviews, direct observations of biosecurity practices, and California Mastitis Test (CMT). Farm-level SCM severity was defined as moderate (1) if ≥1 tested cow had CMT 2-3 in any quarter, and mild (0) otherwise. Associations were assessed using chi-square tests and binary logistic regression, and model performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic analysis (SPSS v26).
RESULTS: The prevalence of cow-level SCM was 72.9% (105/144; 95% CI: 65.7%-80.2%), ranging from 57.1% in Depok to 90.2% in Bogor City. For farm-level analyses (n = 34), 16 of 34 farms (47.1%) were classified as moderate and 18 of 34 (52.9%) as mild. Procedural biosecurity was significantly associated with SCM severity (mild vs. moderate; χ² = 6.959, p = 0.008), whereas external and internal biosecurity were not (p > 0.05). In the parsimonious logistic regression model, a higher farmer education category was associated with higher odds of moderate SCM [odds ratio (OR) = 1.369, p = 0.027], whereas procedural biosecurity was protective (OR = 0.449, p = 0.011). The final model demonstrated good discrimination (area under the curve = 0.845).
CONCLUSION: Procedural biosecurity (milking and hygiene-related practices) was the only biosecurity dimension significantly associated with SCM severity and was protective against moderate SCM in peri-urban smallholder dairy farms in Indonesia. Strengthening cost-effective milking hygiene and targeted farmer training may help reduce the SCM burden in comparable settings.