Smad7 attenuates TGF-β-mediated aging-related hypofunction of submandibular glands.

Submandibular glands have essential functions in taste, mastication, swallowing, and digestion. Submandibular gland hypofunction is prevalent in the elderly, impairing the patients' quality of life. Current clinical treatment strategies have not decelerated or reversed the pathological process of submandibular gland hypofunction. Therefore, novel restoration strategies should be explored. However, studies on the mechanism of aging-related submandibular gland hypofunction remain very limited. The role of the TGF-β/Smad pathway in fibrosis has been studied in other organs. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the role of TGF-β/Smad signaling in the aging-related submandibular gland hypofunction. The results showed that Smad7 knockout in mice decreased the salivary flow rate. H&E, Masson trichrome, and immunohistochemistry staining of MCP-1 and α-SMA showed that Smad7 knockout in mice resulted in lymphocytic infiltration, acinar cell atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis. The Western blotting of collagen I and III also confirmed extensive fibrosis. We then found that Smad7 depletion resulted in the TGF-β-mediated fibrosis via mir-21, mir-29, and np_5318, and NFκB-driven inflammation activation. This study confirmed the inhibitory role of Smad7 in the aging-related submandibular gland hypofunction. Therefore, it provided a promising treatment target for aging-related dysfunction and sialadenitis of submandibular gland.