The watermelon stomach: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.

The watermelon stomach syndrome is an increasingly recognized cause of persistent acute or occult gastrointestinal bleeding, typically in elderly women. This disorder often presents with severe iron deficiency anemia, and a variety of associated conditions including autoimmune disease, cirrhosis, achlorhydria, and hypochlorhydria. Diagnosis is made by the characteristic endoscopic appearance of visible linear watermelon-like vascular stripes in the antrum. Histology confirms the vascular nature of this disorder, showing dilated and thrombosed capillaries in the lamina propria, associated with reactive fibromuscular hyperplasia. The optimum treatment of choice is not known. Several treatment options, including surgical antrectomy, and endoscopic photocoagulation with Nd:Yag laser, heater probe therapy, and bipolar electrocautery, have yielded excellent results. Pharmacological agents have also been used to treat selected numbers of patients, most of which comprise a small number of case reports.