The Journal of nutrition · 2025
Glutamsate Supplementation Regulates Tight Junction Protein Abundance and Amino Acid Transporters in the Jejunum of Low-Protein Diet-Fed Rats.
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Jiang Da, Wu Zhenlong
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Glutamate has been demonstrated to promote intestinal development and enhance barrier integrity, suggesting its potential in alleviating intestinal dysfunction in weaned rats. Moreover, low-protein diets (LCP + Ala) impair intestinal barrier function by reducing tight junction (TJ) integrity and amino acid transport, which may be mitigated through glutamate supplementation.
OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the impacts of glutamate supplementation on TJ protein and amino acid transporter expression in the jejunum of LCP + Ala-fed rats.
METHODS: Weaned male Sprague-Dawley rats (21-d-old; n = 9/group) were divided into normal-protein diet group (18.1% crude protein [CP]), LCP + Ala group (14.5% CP), or LCP + Ala supplemented with 2.07% glutamate group (14.5% CP). After 18 d, average daily gain (ADG; mean values are presented), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), amino acid transport-related genes, intestinal morphology, and TJ protein abundance were assessed. Data were expressed as means ± standard error of the mean using 1-way analysis of variance with Duncan's test (P < 0.05).
RESULTS: Compared with control, protein restriction reduced ADG by 23.5% (6.64 ± 0.19 compared with 8.68 ± 0.20 g/d, P < 0.01); however, glutamate reversed ADG to control (7.57 ± 0.18 g/d, P < 0.01). Additionally, protein restriction increased BUN by 98.8% (3.86 ± 0.27 compared with 1.94 ± 0.15 mmol/L, P < 0.01), whereas glutamate normalized BUN (1.74 ± 0.16 mmol/L, P < 0.01). Protein restriction also decreased jejunal villus height by 30.9% (402 ± 25 compared with 581 ± 23 μm, P < 0.01), which was restored by glutamate (631 ± 34 μm, P < 0.01). Compared with control, protein restriction reduced the expression of excitatory amino acid transporter 3, occludin, claudin-1, and p62 (sequestosome 1). Glutamate restored their expression to 107%, 184%, 104%, and 104% of control, respectively, representing increases of 205%, 567%, 94%, and 105% compared to protein restriction (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: In weaned rats fed LCP + Ala, glutamate improved growth performance by enhancing jejunum morphology and TJ function, promoting amino acid transport, and modulating the general control nonderepressible 2/the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2/activating transcription factor 4/p62 signaling pathway.
OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the impacts of glutamate supplementation on TJ protein and amino acid transporter expression in the jejunum of LCP + Ala-fed rats.
METHODS: Weaned male Sprague-Dawley rats (21-d-old; n = 9/group) were divided into normal-protein diet group (18.1% crude protein [CP]), LCP + Ala group (14.5% CP), or LCP + Ala supplemented with 2.07% glutamate group (14.5% CP). After 18 d, average daily gain (ADG; mean values are presented), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), amino acid transport-related genes, intestinal morphology, and TJ protein abundance were assessed. Data were expressed as means ± standard error of the mean using 1-way analysis of variance with Duncan's test (P < 0.05).
RESULTS: Compared with control, protein restriction reduced ADG by 23.5% (6.64 ± 0.19 compared with 8.68 ± 0.20 g/d, P < 0.01); however, glutamate reversed ADG to control (7.57 ± 0.18 g/d, P < 0.01). Additionally, protein restriction increased BUN by 98.8% (3.86 ± 0.27 compared with 1.94 ± 0.15 mmol/L, P < 0.01), whereas glutamate normalized BUN (1.74 ± 0.16 mmol/L, P < 0.01). Protein restriction also decreased jejunal villus height by 30.9% (402 ± 25 compared with 581 ± 23 μm, P < 0.01), which was restored by glutamate (631 ± 34 μm, P < 0.01). Compared with control, protein restriction reduced the expression of excitatory amino acid transporter 3, occludin, claudin-1, and p62 (sequestosome 1). Glutamate restored their expression to 107%, 184%, 104%, and 104% of control, respectively, representing increases of 205%, 567%, 94%, and 105% compared to protein restriction (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: In weaned rats fed LCP + Ala, glutamate improved growth performance by enhancing jejunum morphology and TJ function, promoting amino acid transport, and modulating the general control nonderepressible 2/the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2/activating transcription factor 4/p62 signaling pathway.