Deep brain stimulation in movement disorders. The applications reconsidered.

In this study the role of DBS in advanced Parkinson disease (PD) is re-evaluated and new indications in the field of movement disorders are explored. The authors performed unilateral pallidal stimulation in 26 patients with advanced PD. At long-term follow-up review, the motor effect is unsatisfying. The authors conclude that unilateral pallidal stimulation is not a favourable treatment option for patients with advanced PD. Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation was performed in twenty patients with advanced PD. After a minimum follow-up of 4 years, there was still a significant improvement in motor function and functional performance in all patients. One side-effect of the stimulation was however rather concerning: four patients presented with stimulation-induced hypomanic to manic characteristics. Bilateral subthalamic stimulation was performed in four patients with multiple system atrophy-parkinsonism. At long-term follow-up, the patients fared better with than without stimulation. The authors finally present a completely new indication for DBS: Tourette syndrome (TS). They review the literature on surgical procedures performed in TS, all of which consisted of making lesions. Three TS patients are presented on which bilateral thalamic stimulation was performed. At long-term follow-up, all major tics had disappeared, as well as associated behavioral disturbances.