Fungal and Atypical Pneumonia.

Fungal and atypical bacterial pneumonias are emerging infectious threats in companion animal medicine, fueled by ecological disruption, globalized pet travel, and immunomodulatory therapies being increasingly used. These infections challenge clinicians in ways that conventional bacterial pneumonia does not-presenting insidiously, extending beyond the lung, and not responding to empirical treatment. Delayed or missed diagnosis remains a costly, defining hallmark. Recognizing these conditions demands a shift in clinical thinking: one that weighs host susceptibility, exposure history, and geographic epidemiology alongside conventional diagnostics. This review equips clinicians with the knowledge to suspect, investigate, and treat complex pneumonias earlier and with greater confidence.