Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) in 2025: emerging trends and insights from community and hospital-based respiratory panel analyses-a comprehensive review.

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a significant respiratory pathogen, primarily impacting young, elderly, and immunocompromised populations. While the clinical presentations are similar to those of other respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza, and SARS-CoV-2, they can still lead to serious complications. The virus primarily transmits via respiratory droplets, with outbreaks peaking during winter and spring. In resource-limited settings, administration of multiplex PCR assays is essential for precise diagnosis, yet it presents significant challenges. Recent studies indicate a 6.24% infection rate in hospitalized patients presenting with acute respiratory infections (ARIs). Enhanced surveillance and prevention are essential given the morbidity and mortality rates of hMPV, which are comparable to those of influenza and RSV. Effective management requires enhanced diagnostic tools, improved public health strategies, and continuous research into antiviral therapies and vaccines. This study highlighted the growing importance of hMPV as a respiratory pathogen, focusing on its seasonal patterns, clinical manifestations in at-risk populations, transmission dynamics, and diagnostic challenges compared to other respiratory viruses.