Global systematic review and probabilistic risk assessment of ochratoxin A in dried fruits.

This study reviewed (search: 1995-2025) the levels of ochratoxin A (OTA) and the associated health risks in dried fruits worldwide. Data from 30 studies included (1999-2024) 4109 samples, of which 63.39% were contaminated, and the mean OTA ‎ concentration was estimated at 3.12 µg/kg. The level of contamination differed significantly among different types of fruits and across various countries. Apples had the highest mean concentration (9.61 µg/kg), while dates showed the lowest mean concentration (0.58 µg/kg). Geographically, concentrations ranged from 0.45 µg/kg (Czech Republic) to 47.51 µg/kg (Greece). Although the overall global risk was low, regional assessments highlighted some health concerns (influenced by OTA concentration and per capita consumption). For children in Greece, the non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) was near the warning threshold. Furthermore, the Margin of Exposure (MOE) for adults and children in Greece, Iran, and Morocco indicated a potential health concern. It is concluded that while the global risk of OTA from dried fruits is low, high contamination in specific regions poses a serious public health threat, especially for children, highlighting the need for stricter regulatory standards.