Frontiers in microbiology · 2025
Naringin as a non-antibiotic agent for multi-species oral biofilm control: in vitro antimicrobial mechanisms and in vivo safety in a rat caries model.
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Song Jie, Liu Mingqi, Yasen Yizinigaer, Zhao Ying, Wu Zeyu, Zhao Jin
Аннотация
INTRODUCTION: Dental caries is driven by dysbiosis of oral biofilms. Conventional antibiotics easily disrupt oral commensal balance, creating an urgent need for natural, non-antibiotic agents that can target cariogenic biofilms without causing ecological collapse.
METHODS: The antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy of Naringin was evaluated in vitro against planktonic and biofilm states of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus sanguinis (mono-species), and their multi-species consortium. Minimum inhibitory/bactericidal concentrations (MIC/MBC) and minimum biofilm inhibitory/reduction concentrations (MBIC/MBRC) were determined. Effects on acid production, extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) synthesis, and bacterial adhesion to hydroxyapatite (HAP) were mechanistically investigated. In vivo, a rat caries model induced by the multi-species consortium was topically treated with Naringin (2 × MIC, MIC, 1/2 × MIC) for 4 weeks. Caries lesions were evaluated using Keyes scoring and micro-computed tomography. Oral microbiota, serum biochemistry, and histopathology were analyzed for safety assessment.
RESULTS: Naringin exhibited potent, concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity. MICs were 1.00 mg/mL for S. mutans and S. sanguinis, 0.50 mg/mL for S. sobrinus, and 0.50 mg/mL for the multi-species consortium. Naringin at MBIC (2 mg/mL for multi-species) significantly disrupted biofilm architecture, reduced viable bacteria, and inhibited EPS synthesis. It maintained biofilm pH above 5.5 (the critical threshold for enamel demineralization), inhibited lactate production, and reduced multi-species bacterial adhesion to HAP by 68.3% at MIC. In vivo, Naringin (MIC) significantly reduced Keyes scores on smooth and sulcal surfaces by over 60%, preserved enamel integrity, and rebalanced the oral microbiota without inducing mucosal irritation or systemic toxicity.
DISCUSSION: Naringin, a natural non-antibiotic agent, effectively inhibits the "adhesion-biofilm-acid-EPS" cascade of multi-species cariogenic biofilms. Its selective efficacy against pathogens and favorable in vivo safety profile position it as a promising ecological agent for caries prevention by addressing oral dysbiosis at its root.
METHODS: The antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy of Naringin was evaluated in vitro against planktonic and biofilm states of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus sanguinis (mono-species), and their multi-species consortium. Minimum inhibitory/bactericidal concentrations (MIC/MBC) and minimum biofilm inhibitory/reduction concentrations (MBIC/MBRC) were determined. Effects on acid production, extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) synthesis, and bacterial adhesion to hydroxyapatite (HAP) were mechanistically investigated. In vivo, a rat caries model induced by the multi-species consortium was topically treated with Naringin (2 × MIC, MIC, 1/2 × MIC) for 4 weeks. Caries lesions were evaluated using Keyes scoring and micro-computed tomography. Oral microbiota, serum biochemistry, and histopathology were analyzed for safety assessment.
RESULTS: Naringin exhibited potent, concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity. MICs were 1.00 mg/mL for S. mutans and S. sanguinis, 0.50 mg/mL for S. sobrinus, and 0.50 mg/mL for the multi-species consortium. Naringin at MBIC (2 mg/mL for multi-species) significantly disrupted biofilm architecture, reduced viable bacteria, and inhibited EPS synthesis. It maintained biofilm pH above 5.5 (the critical threshold for enamel demineralization), inhibited lactate production, and reduced multi-species bacterial adhesion to HAP by 68.3% at MIC. In vivo, Naringin (MIC) significantly reduced Keyes scores on smooth and sulcal surfaces by over 60%, preserved enamel integrity, and rebalanced the oral microbiota without inducing mucosal irritation or systemic toxicity.
DISCUSSION: Naringin, a natural non-antibiotic agent, effectively inhibits the "adhesion-biofilm-acid-EPS" cascade of multi-species cariogenic biofilms. Its selective efficacy against pathogens and favorable in vivo safety profile position it as a promising ecological agent for caries prevention by addressing oral dysbiosis at its root.