Cocaine-associated cardiovascular disease: clinical and pathological aspects.

With regard to cardiac findings in cocaine abuse, at autopsy the vast majority of patients dying with cocaine toxicity have either no pathologic change in the heart or only minimal changes that could not account for the patient's death. The second most frequent finding is underlying, mild-to-moderate coronary atherosclerosis, with or without coronary thrombosis. There may be acute or healed myocardial infarction or a sudden cardiac death without myocardial changes of ischemia. A high incidence of contraction band necrosis has been reported in the absence of coronary artery disease and may cause a sudden arrhythmic death. Myocarditis also has been described in a few cases as either lymphocytic or lymphocytic and eosinophilic infiltrate in the presence of myocyte necrosis. Usually, the foci are sparse and not always associated with contraction band necrosis. The underlying mechanisms are thought to be either direct effects of norepinephrine on myocytes or through vasospasm of resistance vessels and secondary myocardial ischemia. Cocaine rarely has been associated with aortic dissection, which is probably a result of cocaine's hypertensive effects.