Development prospects for immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase on biopolymer-based nanomaterial and its application: A review.

Candida rugosa lipase has attracted significant interest from food industries as a sustainable biocatalyst, demonstrating extensive potential in various biotransformation reactions, including esterification, transesterification, hydrolysis, acidolysis, and glycerolysis. Despite its applicability, native Candida rugosa lipase has limitations such as low operational stability, reusability, recovery rate, storage, thermal stabilities, and high reaction costs. These drawbacks can be addressed by implementing sustainable, biodegradable, and economically feasible immobilization techniques. Advances in nanobiotechnology and white biotechnology have spotlighted using biopolymer-based nanomaterials to support enzyme immobilization, owing to their high bifunctionality, biocompatibility, biostability, and biodegradability. Candida rugosa lipase has several industrial and biotechnological applications in many fields such as biodiesel production, formulations of cosmetics and personal care products, biosensor development, ester synthesis, food industry, and drug formulations. The current review elucidates the structural characteristics and interfacial activation mechanism of Candida rugosa lipase, the immobilization process utilizing biopolymer-based nanomaterials, and its industrial applications mainly in synthesizing esters while considering more economical and greener parameters.