Evidence of a tunable biological spring: elastic energy storage in aponeuroses varies with transverse strain in vivo.

Tendinous structures are generally thought of as biological springs that operate with a fixed stiffness, yet recent observations on the mechanical behaviour of aponeuroses (broad, sheet-like tendons) have challenged this general assumption. During in situ contractions, aponeuroses undergo changes in both length and width and changes in aponeuroses width can drive changes in longitudinal stiffness. Here, we explore if changes in aponeuroses width can modulate elastic energy (EE) storage in the longitudinal direction. We tested this idea in vivo by quantifying muscle and aponeuroses mechanical behaviour in the turkey lateral gastrocnemius during landing and jumping, activities that require rapid rates of energy dissipation and generation, respectively. We discovered that when aponeurosis width increased (as opposed to decreased), apparent longitudinal stiffness was 34% higher and the capacity of aponeuroses to store EE when stretched in the longitudinal direction was 15% lower. These data reveal that biaxial loading of aponeuroses allows for variation in tendon stiffness and energy storage for different locomotor behaviours.