Advanced platforms for antibody delivery: Overcoming biological barriers and improving therapeutic performance.

Antibody therapeutics have transformed the treatment of cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. However, their broader clinical application remains limited by poor stability, rapid systemic clearance, restricted tissue penetration, immunogenicity, and dose-limiting toxicity. To address these challenges, diverse delivery platforms have been developed to improve antibody protection, prolong circulation, enhance tissue accumulation, enable controlled release, and facilitate intracellular delivery. In this review, we summarize recent advances in antibody delivery systems, including liposomes, polymeric carriers, hydrogels, biomimetic platforms, metallic and inorganic materials, and cell-penetrating peptides. We also highlight emerging combinational strategies that integrate antibody delivery with chemotherapeutics, immunomodulators, and phototherapies to enhance therapeutic efficacy and reduce systemic toxicity. Finally, we discuss the major obstacles that continue to hinder clinical translation, including biocompatibility, manufacturing complexity, release control, and safety, and outline future directions for the rational design of next-generation antibody delivery platforms.