Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2014
Country- and individual-level determinants of probable problematic gambling in adolescence: a multi-level cross-national comparison.
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Molinaro Sabrina, Canale Natale, Vieno Alessio, Lenzi Michela, Siciliano Valeria, Gori Mercedes, Santinello Massimo
Аннотация
AIMS: To estimate the role of family and socio-economic indicators of welfare state in accounting for probable problem gambling during adolescence in a representative sample of students living in nine European countries.
DESIGN: Data from the 2011 European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) Study were used for cross-sectional analyses of adolescent probable problem gambling.
SETTING: Representative surveys in nine European countries.
PARTICIPANTS: A total of 31 236 16-year-old students.
MEASUREMENTS: Respondents' probable problem gambling, socio-demographic characteristics and parenting (regulation, monitoring and caring) were measured individually. Indicators of wealth (gross domestic product per capita, GDP), expenditure on public health (% GDP) and benefit in kind for families/children (% GDP) were obtained from national public databases.
FINDINGS: Students who perceived more parental caring [odds ratio (OR) = 0.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.85-0.98] and monitoring (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.53-0.62) reported less involvement in probable problem gambling. Moreover, students who perceived stronger parental regulation (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.09-1.23) were more likely to be possible problematic gamblers. At the country level, expenditure on public health was associated negatively with probable problem gambling (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.78-0.97), whereas GDP per capita (OR = 1, 95% CI = 1.00-1.00) and the benefits in kind for families/children (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 0.89-1.51) showed no association with probable problem gambling.
CONCLUSIONS: Family characteristics and expenditure on public health may play a key role in explaining probable problem gambling among adolescents in Europe.
DESIGN: Data from the 2011 European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) Study were used for cross-sectional analyses of adolescent probable problem gambling.
SETTING: Representative surveys in nine European countries.
PARTICIPANTS: A total of 31 236 16-year-old students.
MEASUREMENTS: Respondents' probable problem gambling, socio-demographic characteristics and parenting (regulation, monitoring and caring) were measured individually. Indicators of wealth (gross domestic product per capita, GDP), expenditure on public health (% GDP) and benefit in kind for families/children (% GDP) were obtained from national public databases.
FINDINGS: Students who perceived more parental caring [odds ratio (OR) = 0.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.85-0.98] and monitoring (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.53-0.62) reported less involvement in probable problem gambling. Moreover, students who perceived stronger parental regulation (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.09-1.23) were more likely to be possible problematic gamblers. At the country level, expenditure on public health was associated negatively with probable problem gambling (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.78-0.97), whereas GDP per capita (OR = 1, 95% CI = 1.00-1.00) and the benefits in kind for families/children (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 0.89-1.51) showed no association with probable problem gambling.
CONCLUSIONS: Family characteristics and expenditure on public health may play a key role in explaining probable problem gambling among adolescents in Europe.