Noninvasive Temporal Interference Electrical Stimulation for Spinal Cord Rehabilitation.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to permanent loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions, presenting a significant clinical challenge for rehabilitation. In addition to conventional rehabilitation approaches, epidural spinal cord stimulation (eSCI) is often used to enhance recovery. However, the invasive nature of eSCI limits patient acceptance and widespread application. Compared to traditional spinal cord stimulation, temporal interference (TI) stimulation offers a noninvasive approach to stimulate deep spinal cord regions, making it a promising technique for SCI treatment. A critical factor in achieving effective TI stimulation for SCI rehabilitation is the accurate placement of two electrode pairs on the skin surface to generate a high electric field envelope within the targeted spinal cord area. We propose a unique protocol that utilizes electric field simulations and parameter optimization to determine the optimal electrode placement for specific SCI regions. Additionally, this protocol provides a systematic description of how to efficiently implement the optimized electrode placement strategy in clinical TI stimulation.