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Small fiber neuropathies (SFN) comprise a clinical syndrome typically associated with acral burning pain, where the pathophysiological processes affect the thinly myelinated A-delta and the unmyelinated C nerve fibers. Neurological examination thus reveals merely thermal sensory deficits. Nerve conduction studies in SFN are normal to marginally abnormal. To underpin suspicion of SFN, special psychophysical and neurophysiological examinations or a skin punch biopsy are needed. The search for the etiology of SFN is crucial and most frequently reveals diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance. Mutations in genes encoding voltage-gated sodium channels and other genetic alterations are being increasingly reported. Treatment depends on the underlying disease and follows the guidelines on the treatment of neuropathic pain.