Current evidence in the management of poststroke hemiplegic shoulder pain: a review.

Hemiplegic shoulder pain is a common, complex, and distressing complication, which is related to stroke and occurs in the paralytic side of the patient. It not only presents in the early stage but also can persist into the chronic stage of stroke. The incidence of this complication varies from 12% to 58%, and the most common period of occurrence is at 8-10 weeks poststroke. The multifactorial etiology and underlying mechanisms make it intractable. It is difficult to get a clear description of the percentage of patients receiving adequate pain relief because of a large number of treatments and different results found in interventional studies performed in subjects in different stages of stroke. This review summarizes the incidence, temporal presentation, and etiology of hemiplegic shoulder pain and the current advances in its management and analyzes the reliability and validity of the studies. It suggests careful and regular assessment, and an integrated care model is necessary in practice.