Relationship between sunlight and the age of onset of bipolar disorder: an international multisite study.
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Bauer Michael, Glenn Tasha, Alda Martin, Andreassen Ole A, Angelopoulos Elias, Ardau Raffaella, Baethge Christopher, Bauer Rita, Bellivier Frank, Belmaker Robert H, Berk Michael, Bjella Thomas D, Bossini Letizia, Bersudsky Yuly, Cheung Eric Yat Wo, Conell Jörn, Del Zompo Maria, Dodd Seetal, Etain Bruno, Fagiolini Andrea, Frye Mark A, Fountoulakis Kostas N, Garneau-Fournier Jade, González-Pinto Ana, Harima Hirohiko, Hassel Stefanie, Henry Chantal, Iacovides Apostolos, Isometsä Erkki T, Kapczinski Flávio, Kliwicki Sebastian, König Barbara, Krogh Rikke, Kunz Mauricio, Lafer Beny, Larsen Erik R, Lewitzka Ute, Lopez-Jaramillo Carlos, MacQueen Glenda, Manchia Mirko, Marsh Wendy, Martinez-Cengotitabengoa Mónica, Melle Ingrid, Monteith Scott, Morken Gunnar, Munoz Rodrigo, Nery Fabiano G, O'Donovan Claire, Osher Yamima, Pfennig Andrea, Quiroz Danilo, Ramesar Raj, Rasgon Natalie, Reif Andreas, Ritter Philipp, Rybakowski Janusz K, Sagduyu Kemal, Scippa Ângela M, Severus Emanuel, Simhandl Christian, Stein Dan J, Strejilevich Sergio, Sulaiman Ahmad Hatim, Suominen Kirsi, Tagata Hiromi, Tatebayashi Yoshitaka, Torrent Carla, Vieta Eduard, Viswanath Biju, Wanchoo Mihir J, Zetin Mark, Whybrow Peter C
Аннотация
METHODS: Data from 4037 patients with bipolar I disorder were collected at 36 collection sites in 23 countries at latitudes spanning 3.2 north (N) to 63.4 N and 38.2 south (S) of the equator. The age of onset of the first episode, onset location, family history of mood disorders, and polarity of first episode were obtained retrospectively, from patient records and/or direct interview. Solar insolation data were obtained for the onset locations.
RESULTS: There was a large, significant inverse relationship between maximum monthly increase in solar insolation and age of onset, controlling for the country median age and the birth cohort. The effect was reduced by half if there was no family history. The maximum monthly increase in solar insolation occurred in springtime. The effect was one-third smaller for initial episodes of mania than depression. The largest maximum monthly increase in solar insolation occurred in northern latitudes such as Oslo, Norway, and warm and dry areas such as Los Angeles, California.
LIMITATIONS: Recall bias for onset and family history data.
CONCLUSIONS: A large springtime increase in sunlight may have an important influence on the onset of bipolar disorder, especially in those with a family history of mood disorders.