Deubiquitinating enzymes in parkinson's disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the pathological accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates and the selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Growing evidence implicates dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), a critical regulator of protein homeostasis, in the pathogenesis of PD through impaired clearance of toxic protein species. As key components of the UPS, deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) counterbalance ubiquitin ligase activity by cleaving ubiquitin chains from substrate proteins, thereby playing pivotal roles in maintaining protein turnover and regulating cellular signaling pathways. Notably, emerging research has demonstrated that specific DUBs are intimately involved in modulating multiple PD-related pathological processes, including α-synuclein aggregation, mitochondrial oxidative stress, iron homeostasis, and neuronal survival. These findings suggest DUBs as promising therapeutic targets for PD intervention. This review comprehensively summarize the pathophysiological roles of PD-associated DUBs, their molecular mechanisms in disease progression, and recent advances in the development of DUB inhibitors as potential disease-modifying therapies for PD.