New Agents in Treatment of Hyperkalemia: an Opportunity to Optimize Use of RAAS Inhibitors for Blood Pressure Control and Organ Protection in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The overactive renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays an important part in many pathologic conditions including hypertension, heart failure, and renal disease. Hyperkalemia, a potentially life-threatening side effect of RAAS inhibitors, limits their use. The recent introduction of new hyperkalemia treatments provides opportunities to take full benefit of RAAS inhibitors.

RECENT FINDINGS: Optimizing RAAS inhibition is an important therapeutic goal, particularly in chronic kidney disease. Different strategies have been investigated to achieve this goal, including inhibiting the pathway at multiple steps and using maximum or even supramaximal doses. Hyperkalemia is one of the most significant barriers to all of the strategies mentioned above. Up until the recent past, there have been limited therapeutic options available for the prevention and treatment of hyperkalemia in the long term. New promising agents to treat hyperkalemia in outpatient settings, namely, patiromer and sodium zirconium, may provide a solution. This article will review the benefits and risks of RAAS inhibitors, strategies to optimize their use, and the new hyperkalemia treatments that can lower the risk associated with RAAS inhibiting therapies.