Lipodystrophies and female reproduction: pathophysiology, clinical spectrum, and management across the reproductive lifespan.

BACKGROUND

Lipodystrophies represent a heterogeneous group of rare disorders characterized by partial or generalized loss of adipose tissue, leading to severe metabolic derangements and endocrine dysfunction. In women, these disorders are frequently accompanied by reproductive abnormalities ranging from hypogonadotropic amenorrhea to hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovary syndrome-like phenotypes.

OBJECTIVE

To summarize current knowledge linking adipose-tissue dysfunction and female reproductive health, focusing on mechanistic pathways, clinical manifestations, fertility outcomes, contraception, pregnancy complications, and therapeutic perspectives including leptin replacement.

METHODS

A comprehensive review of PubMed and guideline literature (1996-2025) was performed, prioritizing official recommendations, registry data, and recent mechanistic and clinical studies.

RESULTS

Profound leptin deficiency in generalized lipodystrophy leads to hypothalamic suppression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and amenorrhea, whereas hyperinsulinemia and androgen excess dominate partial forms, producing anovulation and infertility. Metreleptin therapy restores ovulatory cycles in leptin-deficient women and improves metabolic control, while pregnancy carries heightened risks of gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, and pancreatitis. Oral estrogens exacerbate hypertriglyceridemia; thus, progestin-only or non-hormonal contraception is preferred, and transdermal estrogen may be considered for hormone replacement.

CONCLUSIONS

Female reproductive dysfunction in lipodystrophy results from complex interactions between leptin, insulin, and gonadal steroid pathways. A multidisciplinary approach is required to optimize metabolic and reproductive outcomes, while prospective data on fertility and pregnancy under metreleptin remain crucial for future practice.