Deep brain stimulation for torsion dystonia.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) at the globus pallidus pars internus (GPi) is an effective treatment for some patients with medically refractory torsion dystonia. In this chapter we review the classification and treatment of torsion dystonia including the current indications for DBS surgery. Details of the DBS procedure and programming of the DBS devices are discussed. Pallidal DBS is most effective in patients with primary generalized dystonia. Children and adolescents possessing the DYT1 gene mutation may respond best of all. Patients with cervical dystonia may also improve with pallidal DBS but definitive clinical evidence is lacking. As a group, patients with secondary dystonias respond less well to DBS than do patients with primary dystonia; however, patients with dystonia secondary to anoxic brain injury who have grossly intact basal ganglia anatomy, and patients with tardive dystonia may represent secondary dystonia subtypes for whom pallidal DBS is a viable option.