Frontiers in physiology · 2026
Effects of plyometric training on different surfaces on lower-limb power, dynamic balance, and agility in male collegiate tennis players.
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Pang Bo, Li Yupeng
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effects of plyometric training (PT) on different surfaces on lower extremity power, dynamic balance, and agility in male Tier 2(Trained/Developmental) collegiate tennis players.
METHODS: Thirty participants were randomly divided into a sand PT group (SAND),a hard-ground PT group (HARD), and a control group (CON), with 10 players in each group. The experimental groups underwent 8 weeks of PT 3 times per week, while the control group maintained regular tennis training. Pre- and post-intervention measurements included countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), elastic utilization ratio (EUR), reactive strength index (RSI), approach vertical jump (AVJ), standing long jump (SLJ), Y-balance test, hexagon jump test, and T-test.
RESULTS: After 8 weeks of intervention, CMJ, and SJ values were significantly higher in the SAND and HARD groups than in the CON group (p < 0.05). Compared with pre-intervention, the SAND group increased CMJ by 10.4%, and SJ by 18.5%; the HARD group increased CMJ by 19.2% and SJ by 15.7%. The HARD group showed greater improvements in RSI (10.0%) and AVJ (6.5%), whereas the SAND group exhibited a significant reduction in EUR (-39.5%) and a more pronounced enhancement in SLJ (6.2%) (p < 0.05). For dynamic balance, only the SAND group displayed significant increases in anterior reach distance of both legs (left: 9.0%; right: 8.3%) (p < 0.05). Regarding agility, hexagon jump performance improved significantly in both SAND (-6.2%) and HARD groups (-9.2%) (p < 0.05), with no significant between-group differences observed in the T-test.
CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that both sand and hard-ground PT effectively enhance lower extremity power and general agility in collegiate tennis players. Hard-ground training is more beneficial for the development of stretch shortening cycle capacity and vertical power, while sand training better improves horizontal power and single-leg dynamic balance. Training surfaces should be selected according to periodized goals to synergistically optimize sport-specific fitness and injury prevention.
METHODS: Thirty participants were randomly divided into a sand PT group (SAND),a hard-ground PT group (HARD), and a control group (CON), with 10 players in each group. The experimental groups underwent 8 weeks of PT 3 times per week, while the control group maintained regular tennis training. Pre- and post-intervention measurements included countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), elastic utilization ratio (EUR), reactive strength index (RSI), approach vertical jump (AVJ), standing long jump (SLJ), Y-balance test, hexagon jump test, and T-test.
RESULTS: After 8 weeks of intervention, CMJ, and SJ values were significantly higher in the SAND and HARD groups than in the CON group (p < 0.05). Compared with pre-intervention, the SAND group increased CMJ by 10.4%, and SJ by 18.5%; the HARD group increased CMJ by 19.2% and SJ by 15.7%. The HARD group showed greater improvements in RSI (10.0%) and AVJ (6.5%), whereas the SAND group exhibited a significant reduction in EUR (-39.5%) and a more pronounced enhancement in SLJ (6.2%) (p < 0.05). For dynamic balance, only the SAND group displayed significant increases in anterior reach distance of both legs (left: 9.0%; right: 8.3%) (p < 0.05). Regarding agility, hexagon jump performance improved significantly in both SAND (-6.2%) and HARD groups (-9.2%) (p < 0.05), with no significant between-group differences observed in the T-test.
CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that both sand and hard-ground PT effectively enhance lower extremity power and general agility in collegiate tennis players. Hard-ground training is more beneficial for the development of stretch shortening cycle capacity and vertical power, while sand training better improves horizontal power and single-leg dynamic balance. Training surfaces should be selected according to periodized goals to synergistically optimize sport-specific fitness and injury prevention.