Allergenic and cytotoxic potential of (meth)acrylate monomers in dental materials: a narrative review.

This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the allergenic and cytotoxic potential of (meth)acrylate monomers. Residual monomers act as haptens, triggering type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reactions in both patients and dental professionals. Exposure occurs through dermal contact, oral mucosa, ocular tissues, and inhalation of nanoparticles generated during grinding and polishing. Standard dental gloves provide limited chemical protection. Cross-sensitization among structurally related monomers is common, and previous sensitization through non-dental sources such as nail products or industrial adhesives may predispose individuals to reactions from dental materials. The rapid adoption of additive manufacturing introduces additional concerns, as 3D-printed resins demonstrate significant variability in polymerization quality depending on post-processing protocols, and standardized guidelines remain lacking. Protective strategies should follow a hierarchy of controls approach, prioritizing safer monomer formulations, engineering controls, and no-touch techniques over personal protective equipment alone. Enhanced awareness, comprehensive allergy histories, and the development of low-allergenicity alternatives are essential to mitigate risks as (meth)acrylate use continues to expand.