Very low-density lipoprotein and the human health.

Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), released in the liver, is the only lipoprotein that includes apolipoprotein B (marker for cardiovascular risk), triglycerides, and cholesterol. VLDL is essential in transporting lipids and cholesterol to organs and cells for utilization. VLDL also contributes significantly to the advancement of atherosclerotic heart disease. We comprehensively summarize VLDL's physiological roles and data supporting its pathological effects. VLDL has been proven to promote atherosclerosis in the metabolic syndrome. VLDL isolated from metabolic syndrome patients is cytotoxic to atrial myocytes, causing atrial myopathy and contributing to atrial fibrillation. Several endocrine diseases may impact VLDL levels, which can be boosted by supplementing with progesterone, estrogen, cortisol, and growth hormones. VLDL stimulates high blood pressure by secreting aldosterone. VLDL induces neuroinflammation, which may lead to cognitive impairment. VLDL is linked to chronic renal illness, autoimmune disorders, and some skin diseases. VLDL production outside the liver caused by intestinal dysbiosis is considered harmful. New evidence reveals that VLDL metabolism has a role in the development and risk of cancer, as well as sleep disturbances. Aside from this, VLDL metabolism and carcinogenesis might be altered by the VLDL receptor. Overall, growing findings point to the role of VLDL in many illnesses.