Exercise-induced mitochondrial remodeling in energy-demanding organs during aging.

Age-associated organ dysfunction markedly impairs quality of life and increases mortality in older adults. Aging frequently results in compromised mitochondrial function in organs with high energy demands, such as skeletal muscle, the brain, heart, kidneys, and liver. This impairment leads to excessive production of reactive oxygen species, increased inflammation, energy deficits, and aberrant cellular signaling, collectively fostering cellular senescence, and chronic diseases. Empirical research has demonstrated that regular physical exercise preserves mitochondrial integrity. This review summarizes common and specific responses to exercise in mitochondrial regulation across various organs and provides a comprehensive cross-organ analysis. The objective was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms through which exercise confers anti-aging effects and mitigates degenerative functional decline by restoring mitochondrial homeostasis. This review provides a theoretical foundation for developing targeted anti-aging interventions and for attenuating aging in multiple organs through lifestyle modifications.