Development of effective living vaccines against bovine babesiosis--the longest field trial?

Between 1959 and 1996, research was performed to change a vaccine against babesiosis in Australia and to improve it as actual or threatened untoward field responses became apparent. The most significant change occurred in 1964 with the traditionally used carriers of Babesia being replaced as vaccine donors by acutely infected splenectomised calves. This ensured the infectivity of the vaccine and was fortuitously associated with a reduction in the virulence of Babesia bovis in vaccine. Since then, more than 27 million doses of highly infective vaccine have been supplied from the laboratory at Wacol near Brisbane. This vaccine reduced serious losses from babesiosis in vaccinated cattle in Australia to very low levels and has now gained acceptance worldwide. Research to ensure the continuing effectiveness of the vaccine has proved to be essential.