The impact of evodiamine on human anaplastic thyroid cancer therapy-an in vitro and in vivo study.

Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common endocrine malignancy, with anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) being the most aggressive subtype. Evodiamine (EVO), a bioactive compound derived from Evodia rutaecarpa, possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties, though its effects on ATC remain underexplored. This study investigated the anticancer potential of EVO using ARO and SW579 ATC cell lines in both in vitro and in vivo models. EVO significantly inhibited cell proliferation, induced G2/M phase arrest, and increased the sub-G1 population, indicating growth inhibition and cell death. Mechanistically, EVO activated the intrinsic caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway and triggered autophagy, as shown by autophagosome accumulation and elevated LC3-II levels. Importantly, blocking autophagy attenuated caspase activation, suggesting that autophagy contributes to EVO-induced apoptosis. Moreover, oral EVO administration markedly suppressed tumor growth in a nude mouse xenograft model without causing liver or kidney toxicity. TUNEL assay further confirmed enhanced tumor cell apoptosis in vivo. These results highlight EVO as a promising therapeutic candidate for ATC by simultaneously activating autophagy and apoptosis pathways.