The Roles of Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor - from Neuronutrition to Energy Metabolism.

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a pluripotent neurotrophic factor originally isolated from chicken embryo ciliary neurons. It has a powerful role in developing and maintaining the optic nervous system and has been used for many vision-related diseases. It also plays an important role in the neurogenesis, regeneration and survival of other neurons, including neural stem cells, dorsal root ganglion, sensory neurons and motor neurons. CNTF is related to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. In addition to its role in the nervous system, CNTF regulates the balance of energy metabolism and the administration of CNTF induces body weight loss. More CNTF functions have been found with the deepening of study, such as protecting and promoting cardiomyocyte proliferation. In addition, CNTF even participates in mental illness and inflammation suppressing. CNTF exerts multidirectional physiological activity by regulating the transcription of various genes through a variety of signalling pathways (including JAK/STAT, MAPK, and PI3K/AKT). This review summarizes the roles and mechanisms of CNTF in the optic nervous system, retinal-related diseases, neuronal protection, and especially nutrition, energy metabolism and other aspects.