Cytotoxic t cells in cytomegalovirus infection: HLA-restricted T-lymphocyte and non-T-lymphocyte cytotoxic responses correlate with recovery from cytomegalovirus infection in bone-marrow-transplant recipients.

We studied 58 recipients of bone-marrow transplants to evaluate immune responses to cytomegalovirus infection. Such infection developed in 43 patients; it was fatal in 12, nonfatal in 23, and present at death from other causes in eight. All patients had low or absent cytomegalovirus-specific cytotoxic lymphocyte activity before the onset of infection. Cytomegalovirus-specific cytotoxic responses developed in all survivors, whereas only two patients with fatal infection had even low-level cytomegalovirus-specific cytotoxic responses. Natural and antibody-dependent killer-cell activities were depressed both before and during infection in patients with fatal infections, but not in those who survived. The outcome of the infection did not correlate with the nature of the underlying disease, the type of transplant received, the pretransplantation cytomegalovirus-antibody status, or lymphocyte-proliferation responses to cytomegalovirus antigens or concanavalin A. The correlation between effective virus-specific cytotoxic response and recovery from infection indicates that these effector cells probably mediate recovery from cytomegalovirus infection.